This blog post scientifically explores why women live longer than men, focusing on genetic factors and hormonal differences.
Today, we pursue gender equality, and men and women live in similar environments and conditions. However, statistics show that women have a life expectancy of 82 years, while men have one of 75 years. So, why do women live longer than men in most countries? The answer to this question can be explained through genetic factors, hormonal differences, and physiological factors.
First, biologically, men and women are distinguished by differences in sex chromosomes. One reason women have a relatively longer life expectancy is genetic factors, particularly the role of the X chromosome. Women have XX sex chromosomes, while men have XY sex chromosomes. The X chromosome contains approximately 800 to 900 genes, among which the Sirtuin gene plays a crucial role in suppressing aging. This protein is produced in tissues such as the brain, liver, and kidneys, delaying the death of aging cells and slowing the aging process. Furthermore, according to a 1985 study by Stanford University, the X chromosome contributes to DNA damage repair, explaining why women’s immune systems are stronger and recover faster than men’s. This is because women, possessing two X chromosomes, can compensate with one if the other is damaged. Conversely, the male Y chromosome has a 3-6 times higher mutation rate than the X chromosome, making males more susceptible to genetic diseases. Consequently, men are more prone to conditions like muscular dystrophy or hemophilia.
Another factor influencing women’s longevity is hormones. Men produce more testosterone, while women secrete more estrogen. Testosterone raises men’s blood pressure and generates LDL (low-density lipoprotein), causing cholesterol to accumulate in blood vessels. Consequently, men become more susceptible to adult diseases like heart disease, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Conversely, the female hormone estrogen promotes the production of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) in the liver and facilitates the return of LDL to the liver, preventing cholesterol accumulation in blood vessels. Additionally, estrogen contributes to maintaining a stronger immune system in women by promoting the production of immunoglobulins.
Furthermore, estrogen plays a crucial role in preventing osteoporosis in women. Osteoporosis is a condition where bones weaken due to aging, occurring more frequently in women after menopause when estrogen levels decline. However, estrogen replacement therapy can delay the onset of osteoporosis. This plays a vital role in maintaining women’s health and contributes to their longevity.
Furthermore, menstruation acts as another key to longevity in women. Through menstruation, women periodically expel blood, which keeps their iron levels lower than men’s. Lower iron levels reduce the amount of toxic oxygen in the body, preventing cell damage caused by free radicals and helping to extend women’s lifespan. As research from the University of Minnesota Medical School also showed that men who donate blood frequently have lower LDL levels, women’s menstruation positively impacts longevity by periodically expelling bodily waste.
Thus, genetic, hormonal, and physiological factors provide the scientific basis for why women can live longer than men. The X chromosome, estrogen, and the reduction of toxic oxygen through menstruation all explain why women can live longer. However, despite these innate advantages, living a healthy, long life ultimately depends on individual acquired efforts. Only by managing one’s own life through lifestyle habits like exercise, healthy eating, and avoiding smoking can a long lifespan lead to a better quality of life.
